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<span class="breadcrumb-node">最重要的查询</span>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="_most_important_queries"></a>最重要的查询<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/054_Query_DSL/70_Important_clauses.asciidoc">edit</a>
</h2>
</div></div></div>
<p>虽然 Elasticsearch 自带了很多的查询，但经常用到的也就那么几个。我们将在 <a class="xref" href="search-in-depth.html" title="深入搜索">深入搜索</a> 章节详细讨论那些查询的细节，接下来我们对最重要的几个查询进行简单介绍。</p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div>
<h3 class="title">
<a id="_match_all_查询"></a>match_all 查询<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/054_Query_DSL/70_Important_clauses.asciidoc">edit</a>
</h3>
</div></div></div>
<p><code class="literal">match_all</code> 查询简单的匹配所有文档。在没有指定查询方式时，它是默认的查询：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-sense">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-sense">{ "match_all": {}}</pre>
</div>
<div class="sense_widget" data-snippet="snippets/054_Query_DSL/70_Match_all_query.json"></div>
<p>它经常与 filter 结合使用—​例如，检索收件箱里的所有邮件。所有邮件被认为具有相同的相关性，所以都将获得分值为 <code class="literal">1</code> 的中性 <code class="literal">_score</code>。</p>
</div>

<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div>
<h3 class="title">
<a id="_match_查询"></a>match 查询<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/054_Query_DSL/70_Important_clauses.asciidoc">edit</a>
</h3>
</div></div></div>
<p>无论你在任何字段上进行的是全文搜索还是精确查询，<code class="literal">match</code> 查询是你可用的标准查询。</p>
<p>如果你在一个全文字段上使用 <code class="literal">match</code> 查询，在执行查询前，它将用正确的分析器去分析查询字符串：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-sense">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-sense">{ "match": { "tweet": "About Search" }}</pre>
</div>
<div class="sense_widget" data-snippet="snippets/054_Query_DSL/70_Match_query.json"></div>
<p>如果在一个精确值的字段上使用它，例如数字、日期、布尔或者一个 <code class="literal">not_analyzed</code> 字符串字段，那么它将会精确匹配给定的值：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-sense">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-sense">{ "match": { "age":    26           }}
{ "match": { "date":   "2014-09-01" }}
{ "match": { "public": true         }}
{ "match": { "tag":    "full_text"  }}</pre>
</div>
<div class="sense_widget" data-snippet="snippets/054_Query_DSL/70_Match_query.json"></div>
<div class="tip admon">
<div class="icon"></div>
<div class="admon_content">
<p>对于精确值的查询，你可能需要使用 filter 语句来取代 query，因为 filter 将会被缓存。接下来，我们将看到一些关于 filter 的例子。</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>不像我们在 <a class="xref" href="search-lite.html" title="轻量 搜索"><em>轻量</em> 搜索</a> 章节介绍的字符串查询（query-string search）， <code class="literal">match</code> 查询不使用类似 <code class="literal">+user_id:2 +tweet:search</code> 的查询语法。它只是去查找给定的单词。这就意味着将查询字段暴露给你的用户是安全的；你需要控制那些允许被查询字段，不易于抛出语法异常。</p>
</div>

<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div>
<h3 class="title">
<a id="_multi_match_查询"></a>multi_match 查询<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/054_Query_DSL/70_Important_clauses.asciidoc">edit</a>
</h3>
</div></div></div>
<p><code class="literal">multi_match</code> 查询可以在多个字段上执行相同的 <code class="literal">match</code> 查询：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-sense">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-sense">{
    "multi_match": {
        "query":    "full text search",
        "fields":   [ "title", "body" ]
    }
}</pre>
</div>
<div class="sense_widget" data-snippet="snippets/054_Query_DSL/70_Multi_match_query.json"></div>
</div>

<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div>
<h3 class="title">
<a id="_range_查询"></a>range 查询<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/054_Query_DSL/70_Important_clauses.asciidoc">edit</a>
</h3>
</div></div></div>
<p><code class="literal">range</code> 查询找出那些落在指定区间内的数字或者时间：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-sense">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-sense">{
    "range": {
        "age": {
            "gte":  20,
            "lt":   30
        }
    }
}</pre>
</div>
<div class="sense_widget" data-snippet="snippets/054_Query_DSL/70_Range_filter.json"></div>
<p>被允许的操作符如下：</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term">
<code class="literal">gt</code>
</span>
</dt>
<dd>
大于
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">
<code class="literal">gte</code>
</span>
</dt>
<dd>
大于等于
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">
<code class="literal">lt</code>
</span>
</dt>
<dd>
小于
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">
<code class="literal">lte</code>
</span>
</dt>
<dd>
小于等于
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>

<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div>
<h3 class="title">
<a id="_term_查询"></a>term 查询<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/054_Query_DSL/70_Important_clauses.asciidoc">edit</a>
</h3>
</div></div></div>
<p><code class="literal">term</code> 查询被用于精确值匹配，这些精确值可能是数字、时间、布尔或者那些 <code class="literal">not_analyzed</code> 的字符串：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-sense">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-sense">{ "term": { "age":    26           }}
{ "term": { "date":   "2014-09-01" }}
{ "term": { "public": true         }}
{ "term": { "tag":    "full_text"  }}</pre>
</div>
<div class="sense_widget" data-snippet="snippets/054_Query_DSL/70_Term_filter.json"></div>
<p><code class="literal">term</code> 查询对于输入的文本不 <em>分析</em> ，所以它将给定的值进行精确查询。</p>
</div>

<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div>
<h3 class="title">
<a id="_terms_查询"></a>terms 查询<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/054_Query_DSL/70_Important_clauses.asciidoc">edit</a>
</h3>
</div></div></div>
<p><code class="literal">terms</code> 查询和 <code class="literal">term</code> 查询一样，但它允许你指定多值进行匹配。如果这个字段包含了指定值中的任何一个值，那么这个文档满足条件：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-sense">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-sense">{ "terms": { "tag": [ "search", "full_text", "nosql" ] }}</pre>
</div>
<div class="sense_widget" data-snippet="snippets/054_Query_DSL/70_Terms_filter.json"></div>
<p>和 <code class="literal">term</code> 查询一样，<code class="literal">terms</code> 查询对于输入的文本不分析。它查询那些精确匹配的值（包括在大小写、重音、空格等方面的差异）。</p>
</div>

<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div>
<h3 class="title">
<a id="_exists_查询和_missing_查询"></a>exists 查询和 missing 查询<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/054_Query_DSL/70_Important_clauses.asciidoc">edit</a>
</h3>
</div></div></div>
<p><code class="literal">exists</code> 查询和 <code class="literal">missing</code> 查询被用于查找那些指定字段中有值 (<code class="literal">exists</code>) 或无值 (<code class="literal">missing</code>) 的文档。这与SQL中的 <code class="literal">IS_NULL</code> (<code class="literal">missing</code>) 和 <code class="literal">NOT IS_NULL</code> (<code class="literal">exists</code>) 在本质上具有共性：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-sense">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-sense">{
    "exists":   {
        "field":    "title"
    }
}</pre>
</div>
<div class="sense_widget" data-snippet="snippets/054_Query_DSL/70_Exists_filter.json"></div>
<p>这些查询经常用于某个字段有值的情况和某个字段缺值的情况。</p>
</div>

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